Direct link to Chris Najman's post Looking at my notes from , Posted 3 years ago. a long chain molecule with identical group of atoms. Hydrocarbons We'll start with an overview of simple hydrocarbons. The three-dimensional placement of atoms and chemical bonds within organic molecules is central to understanding their chemistry. For simple carbohydrates, the ratio of carbon-to-hydrogen-to-oxygen in the molecule is 1:2:1. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. Common disaccharides include lactose, maltose, and sucrose. The former sugars are called aldoses based on the aldehyde group that is formed; the latter is designated as a ketose based on the ketone group. f Qualitative Analysis of Functional Groups Materials Required: 1. The answer to that is that it depends on the final structure of the carbohydrate. Get detailed information including the Defin . Its four major element constituents are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Functional groups in biological molecules play an important role in the formation of molecules like DNA, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. The carbonyl group bonds with a carbon atom to form a ring structure that is often found in polysaccharides that usually form hydrogen bonds with the hydroxyl groups. Monosaccharides can exist as a linear chain or as ring-shaped molecules. Bottom: amylopectin has a branching structure. Monosaccharides can quickly and easily form H-bonds with water and are readily soluble. Aldehyde 2. Overview of carbohydrates, including structure and properties of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Functional groups are usually classified as hydrophobic or hydrophilic depending on their charge or polarity characteristics. The sucrose has a hydroxyl group, acetal group, and glycosidic linkage. The carbonyl groups normally do not occur as such, but are combined with hydroxyl groups to form hemiacetal or acetal linkages of the kind discussed in Section 15-4E. Molecules with other elements in their carbon backbone are substituted hydrocarbons. This numbering is shown for glucose and fructose, above. Examples of biological molecules that incorporate the benzene ring include some amino acids and cholesterol and its derivatives, including the hormones estrogen and testosterone. Disaccharides ("di-" = two) form when two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration reaction (also known as a condensation reaction or dehydration synthesis). Because carbohydrates have many hydroxyl groups associated with the molecule, they are therefore excellent H-bond donors and acceptors. 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\( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), Fructose versus both glucose and galactose, Linear versus ring form of the monosaccharides, status page at https://status.libretexts.org, Simple carbohydrates, such as glucose, lactose, or dextrose, end with an "-ose.".